ABSTRACT
The study of this review focus on effective herbal medicine against COVID-19. There have been many such plants on which a lot of research has been done earlier, and these have been very good for health as we know that the current situation of the whole world is very serious with the novel COVID-19 virus epidemic. Hence, people consume a lot of herbal medicine to increase their immunity, such as kadha (brewing), and it is also very effective against this viral infection. If we take brewing in the proper dose, research should be done from clinical trials. We have been taking many medicines since old times and have been doing research on them which is Antiviral and useful in different types of infection caused by bacteria, viruses, microbes, etc. The plant's diversity included their chemical constituents, showing the promise of their therapeutic level against the antiviral activity, without any toxicity with plasma concentration. Many plants show effectively against viral infections that are Flavonoids, Glycosides, polyphenols, alkaloids, etc.. Still, any clinical trials on humans do not prove their proper research on them, but the Chinese system of medicine claimed that Traditional Chinese medicine improves the COVID-19 patient. According to this review, we aim to collate data of plants the various large in the quantity of natural active constituents from individual medicinal plant species that may have potential therapeutic efficacy. The continuing development of novel antiviral drugs needs to isolate and synthesize more new active constituents. © 2021 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
Herbal plant extracts or purified phytocomponents have been extensively used to treat several diseases since ancient times. The Indian Ayurvedic system and Chinese traditional medicines have documented the medicinal properties of important herbs. In Ayurveda, the polyherbal formulation is known to exhibit better therapeutic efficacy compared to a single herb. This review focuses on six key ayurvedic herbal plants namely, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra/Licorice, Zingiber officinale, Emblica officinalis and Ocimum sanctum. These plants possess specific phytocomponents that aid them in fighting infections and keeping body healthy and stress-free. Plants were selected due to their reported antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in several diseases and effectiveness in controlling viral pathogenesis. An ad-vanced literature search was carried out using Pubmed and google scholar. Result(s): These medicinal plants are known to exhibit several protective features against various diseases or infections. Here we have particularly emphasized on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties which are common in these six plants. Recent literature analysis has revealed Ashwagandha to be protective for Covid-19 too. The formulation from such herbs can exhibit synergism and hence better effectiveness against infection and related dis-eases. The importance of these medicinal herbs becomes highly prominent as it maintains the har-monious balance by way of boosting the immunity in a human body. Further, greater mechanistic analyses are required to prove their efficacy in fighting infectious diseases like Covid-19. It opens the arena for in-depth research of identifying and isolating the active components from these herbs and evaluating their potency to inhibit viral infections as polyherbal formulations.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have been extensively used for treating a variety of infectious diseases for a long time. Drug discovery from these plants involves a versatile approach combining phytochemical, botanical, and molecular techniques. A broad range of active phytochemicals, like alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, extracted from herbal plants, and some volatile essential oils extracted from culinary herbs, herbal teas, and spices possess antiviral property. Medicinal plants have proven to be potent sources of antiviral agents with some main advantages over conventional drug therapy due to their broad healing potency and causing no side effects. This chapter presents research advances done for the search of suitable drugs from medicinal plants against viruses with special consideration of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronovirus-2. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread across the worldwide. It becomes a global pandemic and risk to the healthcare system of almost every nation around the world. In this study thirty natural compounds of 19 Indian herbal plants were used to analyze their binding with eight proteins associated with CO VID-19. Based on the molecular docking as well as ADMET analysis, isovitexin, glycyrrhizin, sitosterol, and piperine were identified as potential herbal medicine candidates. On comparing the binding affinity with Ivermectin, we have found that the inhibition potentials of the Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) are very promising with no side-effects.
ABSTRACT
Soaps are used widely by humans in many aspects. Exclusively, the emergence of the SARS-Cov-2 virus made people wash their hands frequently to disinfect the virus to prevent virus infection. Soaps made of herbals possess constituents that goodness the skin as well to rejuvenate the mind and body factors. Dried leaves of Basil, Neem and Acalypha Indica, Aloe vera, and Hibiscus flower are used here to prepare homemade soap. The steam distillation process is an imperative process by which the oils are used from raw materials like dried leaves for the preparation of soaps. Extracts obtained from the herbal plants are used as additives in the preparation of soap that would be added besides the lye and other constituents. Lye preferred here is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and the cast shapes utilized here in determining the soap shape are Elliptic and Rectangle. pH value, the total fatty matter is determined using respective methodologies, and the materials used in the preparation of soap are estimated using the accessible software called SoapCalc Recipe Calculator. Soaps made using the mentioned ingredients are safe and robust for cleaning the skin and hands.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has quickly spread across the globe, becoming a pandemic. This disease has a variable impact in different countries depending on their cultural norms, mitigation efforts and health infrastructure. This study aims to assess the herbal plants in the pursuit of potential SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors using in silico approaches. We have considered 16 extracted compounds of 10 different species of these plants. In order to explain their inhibition properties and chemical reactivity pattern, we have performed the density functional theory based calculations of frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential surface and chemical reactivity descriptors. Our calculated lipophilicity, aqueous solubility and binding affinity of the extracted compounds suggest that the inhibition potentials in the order;harsingar > aloe vera > giloy > turmeric > neem > ginger > red onion > tulsi > cannabis > black pepper. On comparing the binding affinity with hydroxychloroquine, we note that the inhibition potentials of the extracts of harsingar, aloe vera and giloy are very promising. In order to validate this, we have also performed MD simulation and MM-PBSA binding free energy analysis. Therefore, we believe that these findings will open further possibilities and accelerate the works towards finding an antidote for this malady.
ABSTRACT
The immune system involves both active and passive immunization. The antibodies are developed against the antigens during active immunization and are permanently stored. But, in the case of passive immunization, the antibodies are exposed to the same antigens in every person who is already infected. In order to enhance the immune systems i.e. innate and adaptive immune responses, herbal plants are used as an immune booster. Some of the herbal plants have been proven clinically to enhance immunity that includes Morniga oleifera (Drumstick), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Aswagandha), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Emblica officinalis (Amla) etc. Compared to synthetic drugs, herbal drugs have fewer side effects and stimulate the immune system to defend against various foreign pathogens. Even though herbal medicines are usually considered as safe and effective therapy, it is clinically proven that if a drug is effective, it would have some side effects. But, sometimes, the antioxidant property of herbal medicines is helpful in reducing the toxicities produced by any toxic substances or any drugs. This review aims to encourage the study of various herbal constituents and their role in the treatment of different types of viral infections.
ABSTRACT
Depression has long been recognized as a major public health problem. Fear and anxiety associated with the high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 have increased risk factors for mental health decline. A high prevalence of psychiatric disorders has been documented in individuals who have been directly or indirectly exposed to life-threatening situations. Current evidence suggests decompensation of pre-existing psychiatric disorders, increasing levels of depression, anxiety, and worry, and increased suicide as sequelae of COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 are particularly vulnerable because psychopathologies can be exacerbated by coronaviruses, either through direct viral infection of the central nervous system or indirectly through an immune response. It, therefore, seems expedient to search for alternative methods of prevention, treatment, or supportive treatment of depression, especially since conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are only partially effective. Beneficial antidepressant effects have been observed after the application of spice plants as well as some mushrooms and herbs containing complex active components or phytochemicals. Their use in adjunctive therapy against depression, especially in the period of difficulties related to the functioning of COVID-19 oriented health care, seems to be an interesting alternative. The aim of the present study was to analyze the usefulness of Sceletium tortuo??Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. and plant materials with psychedelic activity such as psilocybin and ayahuasca in reducing symptoms associated with depression.
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The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic and risk to the healthcare system of almost every nation around the world. The endocytic pathway has been considered as a key factor in viral infection. In the case of CoVs, several investigations have shown that these viruses mainly follow the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. As a result, inhibiting the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway might be a useful therapeutic approach. In this study, bioactive components of Harsingar, Meethi neem, Tulsi and Ashwagandha extract was analyzed by HR-LCMS and among them 55 phytochemical compounds were selected based on antiviral and steroidal properties. 55 phytochemical compounds of four Indian herbal plants were used to analyze their binding with clathrin protein associated with COVID-19. Based on the molecular docking as well as ADMET analysis, Ashwagandha, Harsingar, Meethi neem and Tulsi were identified as potential herbal medicine candidates. We have found that the inhibition potentials of the Ashwagandha, Harsingar, Meethi neem and Tulsi are very promising with no side effects.
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SARS-CoV-2, a novel Corona virus strain, was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of December 16, 2021, almost 4,822,472 people had died and over 236,132,082 were infected with this lethal viral infection. It is believed that the human immune system is thought to play a critical role in the initial phase of infection when the viruses invade the host cells. Although some effective vaccines have already been on the market, researchers and many bio-pharmaceuticals are still working hard to develop a fully functional vaccine or more effective therapeutic agent against the COVID-19. Other efforts, in addition to functional vaccines, can help strengthen the immune system to defeat the corona virus infection. Herein, we have reviewed some of those proven measures, following which a more efficient immune system can be better prepared to fight viral infection. Among these, dietary supplements like- fresh vegetables and fruits offer a plentiful of vitamins and antioxidants, enabling to build of a healthy immune system. While the pharmacologically active components of medicinal plants directly aid in fighting against viral infection, supplementary supplements combined with a healthy diet will assist to regulate the immune system and will prevent viral infection. In addition, some personal habits, like- regular physical exercise, intermittent fasting, and adequate sleep, had also been proven to aid the immune system in becoming an efficient one. Maintaining each of these will strengthen the immune system, allowing innate immunity to become a more defensive and active antagonistic mechanism against corona-virus infection. However, because dietary treatments take longer to produce beneficial effects in adaptive maturation, personalized nutrition cannot be expected to have an immediate impact on the global outbreak.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Dietary Supplements , Humans , Immune System , SARS-CoV-2 , Vitamins/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Background: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula and Hamdard joshanda is used as a traditional home medicine in developing countries that is easily available for a lesser cost with no side effects. These medicine decoctions made record in pandemic that have found efficacious in Covid-19 patients with RTI in addition to Dengue and Malarial fever. Our study aimed to explore the qualitative as well as quantitative in potential traditional medicines such as Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula and Hamdard joshanda through phytochemical and GC-MS analytical technique were conducted for finding all the potential chemical constituents in these herbal medicines. Docking studies were carried out between Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula and Hamdard joshanda and receptors of the crystal structure of SARS coronavirus, Lung Cancer and Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins. Materials and Methods: The presence of various phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined in Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula and Hamdard joshanda by standard procedure. Docking study was investigated using the crystal structure of SARS coronavirus protease for the modeling (PDB ID: 3SN8), Lung Cancer Protein for the modeling (PDB ID: 6JZ0) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein for the modeling (PDB ID: 4FDO). Results: GC-MS chromatogram showed 26, 18 and 23 peaks that revealed 26, 18 and 23 phytoconstituents present in Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula, and Hamdard joshanda respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents found in Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia chebula, and Hamdard joshanda were 1.95, 1.88, 1.55, and 0.66, 0.56, 0.49 mg/ml, respectively. Docking studies were exhibited that moderate to higher efficacy against Covid-19, Tuberculosis and Lung cancer. However, several more in vivo and in vitro research needs to investigate their molecular system or any other significance of unused bioactive substance in these traditional medicines used for human relapse. Conclusion: These potential traditional medicines have been confirmed to be safe for human consumption and the present study would also suggest its direct consumption as well as for attaining the proven benefits.
ABSTRACT
The covid-19 pandemic had been on the rise since the beginning of 2020. In Indonesia itself, the first case was identified on 3rd March 2020, then peaked at around the end of January 2021. Even though the recent number of covid-19 cases is not as much as the peak time, the positive case has been increasing from around 2600 to 6300 cases every day in the last month. This phenomenon is urging people to take better care of their health. One of the alternatives Indonesian takes to maintain and increase their health is using herbal medicine. Indonesia is one of the countries with a flourishing number of herbal species. Eucalyptus is one of herbal plants with lots of benefits. Even before the pandemic eucalyptus oil has been used for daily use by many in Indonesia. In this study, we predict the compounds in eucalyptus which have any interaction with protein in SARS-COV-2 virus using machine learning method, namely Random Forest. This is one of the applications of the drug-discovery method, drug repurposing, which used existing drug-target interaction data as a model to predict drug compounds with unidentified interaction with targets. Applying this method, we predicted some compounds found in eucalyptus, such as alpha-terpinene, and 1,8-cineole might have an interaction with covid-19 protein thus eucalyptus can be used as a preventive measure. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Indigenous medicinal plants enriched with flavonoids, alkaloids, poly-phenolic compounds carry antiseptic, disinfectant and antimicrobial activities. During old era, plant extracts were used as strong antiseptics and disinfectants to get ride from microbes. We aimed to present the herbal formulations and preparations for human health hazards free hand sanitizers based on indigenous medicinal plants with reported effective results against infectious microbes along with least toxic impact on environment. Easily available plants formulations safe to human health and environment are presented with easy procedure for their preparations. Data have been collected from literature for dissemination to scientific community and common society. A recent report published on human health hazards linked with the frequent use of alcohol based hand sanitizers provoked the scientific community to prepare safe hand rubs. National Poison Data System, USA revealed 36.7% increase in alcoholic hand sanitizer exposure and toxicity in first three months of 2020 as compared to 2019. Adaptation of alternative preparations of hand sanitizers based on natural and plant resources are the possible solution to get ride off toxicity problem. There should be more detailed screenings of indigenous plants with enriched flavonoids contents for their antiseptic properties and to develop eco-friendly and effective hand sanitizers as compared to chemical formulations.
ABSTRACT
Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic.